Eskirol biography

Jean-Etienne Dominic Eskirol was born in a year in the French city of Toulouse in a rich merchant family. When he grew up, he entered the medical faculty of Toulouse University, and having graduated from him and becoming a doctor, he went to conquer Paris in the year. The subjugation of Paris is further the history of the life and activity of the young sketch is very similar to the history of Dartaganyan.

The seventh year of the Great French Revolution was walking. The Bastille has long been stormed, and Philip Pinel, with the permission of the Convention, has been freed from the chains of insane in Bisetr and Salpetrier for several years. The painting "Philip Pinel removes chains from the sick", the artist Tony Robert Fleuri Summer Escarol arrived in Paris and after a while met with a pinel, which, after a successful coincidence, was also a graduate of the University of Toulouse.

Pinel appreciated the zeal, knowledge and talent of a young doctor and took him under his protection. In the year, with the assistance of Pinel, Eskirol opened a charity shelter for the disabled, lonely and mentally ill. This was the very first private clinic in Paris for people with mental illness, and, surprisingly, it turned out to be very successful. In the year, Eskirol defended the dissertation on the topic “Passion affects considered as the causes, symptoms and methods of treating mental disorder”, in which, following his mentor, Pinel considered mental illness as a result of strong mental experiences, which entailed a logical conclusion about the possibility of their cure prevailed about mental disorders as unsolved.

Activities in the Salpetrier in the year in the clinic of Salpetrier appeared a free vacancy of the doctor-organizer, and Pinel took the prestigious position of Eskirol to this prestigious position, since, firstly, Eskirol had already accumulated extensive experience with the mentally ill, and, secondly, he was distinguished by the exceptional devotion of the study of mental disorders, and therefore, according to Pinel, was the most of the Pinel.

suitable candidate. Working in Salpetrier, Eskirol gradually gained fame in Paris as the most highly qualified specialist in the field of mental illness. At the same time, he continued to actively engage in science, trying to fill in “white spots” in the ideas of that time about the nature and nature of mental disorders. So, in the year he first described the state of absance, he used another term - “Petit Mal”, and the term “Absence Epileptique” was consumed by his student Calmeil in the year, depression and specific irritability of epileptics, leading them “to anger and collision with the first counters.” Officially, at that time, he still remained only a doctor-director and was not directly related to the University of Paris, but at his lectures and practical classes with a visit to the hospital "crowds of students went with excitement." The educational course of the Eskirol was historically the very first experience of the official teaching of psychiatry - before that, no one taught a course of mental illness anywhere in France.

Subsequently, on the basis of his lecture course, Eskirol wrote the first psychiatry textbook in European history. In the same year, Eskirol read out the scientific report “On the hallucinations of mentally ill”, where he presented the characteristics of hallucinations in a state of nonsense and their differences from visual illusions. However, this idea was so advanced for that time that its further development occurred only after 65 years, thanks to the world's recognition of the work of the Russian psychiatrist V.

Kandinsky "On pseudo -galulucinations." Also, Eskirol, during this period, introduced the concept of remission into circulation, and a little later he first described the patients of the OKR. It was during this period of the activity of Eskirol that Salpetrier gained the glory of the temple of science for the second period of the scientific glory of Salpetrier will be tied to the name Charcot.

Salpetrier became the European center of neuropsychiatric thought, where not only French students now study, but also where many doctors from Germany and other European countries come to study. Leaving after studying back to their homeland, they take with them not only the knowledge gained, but also a new look and the most advanced ideas of the outfit on a wide range of relevant issues of the psychiatry of that time.

So gradually the ideas of the sketch in a “viral method” spread throughout Europe. And in the year, Eskirol has finally became a professor at the Faculty of Medical Faculty of Paris University. The main scientific work of Eskirol was the monograph "On Mental Diseases", completed by it in the year, and about which I will not write in this note, because it will take up a lot of space.

I only note that it was a capital work that gripped almost all the symptoms and illnesses known in modern psychiatry. The monograph of the Eskirol "On Mental Diseases", like his other earlier works, very accurately characterize the words of Karl Yaspers, who wrote that the scientific views and observations of the sketch "determined the development of psychiatry for several decades to come." The law on the mentally ill years still in, and then in the years, Eskirol traveled at his own expense for crazy throughout France.In the year, according to the results of these trips, he presented the Minister of the Interior with a note that the reforms carried out by Pinel in Paris did not reach the French provinces and the insane there are kept in terrible and anti -humane conditions.

Then he published his conclusions in two articles in the “Dictionary of Medical Sciences”, where, without any hiding and censorship, he described a terrible picture of the conditions of crazy habitats: “I visited these shelters of malignations. The unfortunate, in the interests of which I raise my voice, are subjected to treatment, worse than criminals, and live in an environment worthy of animals.

I saw them, covered with rags, on straw, which serves for them the only protection from the dampness of the stone floor. I saw them given to the arbitrariness of real jailers, in narrow cells, in the stench chained to the walls of the basements, where they would be ashamed to hold those predatory animals, for the maintenance of which the state does not spare costs in the capital.

This is what I saw in France, and this is how the mentally ill people are contained almost everywhere in Europe »The view of the mentally ill William Norris, in a prison cell in London, where he sat for 12 years. Engraving from the book “On Mental Diseases considered in medical, hygienic and forensic relations”, e years later, these two articles formed the basis of the program of reform of medical institutions developed by the sketch.

It consisted of 4 main points: 1 mental disorders should be treated by doctors with specialized training; 2 The humane conditions of the detention and treatment of mentally ill should be not only in the capital, but also in medical institutions throughout the state, that is, there must be a single standard; 3 medical institution is an instrument of healing, not isolation of crazy people from society; 4 In the medical institution, the administrative authority should belong not to jailers or officials, but to the doctor.

The doctor should be endowed with the main power of powers - that is, the idea of ​​a modern Glavrach was formulated. In the process of grinding his program and its points, Jean-Etienne Dominic Eskirol entered into interaction and managed to convince the Minister of Internal Affairs of France about the need for reform. In the year, the law on the mentally ill, developed on the basis of the Eskirol software points and supported by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was adopted almost unanimously by two chambers of the French parliament on June 30.

He obliged each medical institution to have a department specifically for the treatment of mentally ill, and also provided for the regulation of long -term hospitalization procedures - official or voluntary, prescribed the conditions for the detention and departure of patients placed in these medical centers, etc. This law was developed so carefully, clearly and in detail, which was acted in France for more than the years, and was replaced by only the year, and replaced by only the year, only in the year, only in the year, only in the year, only in the new year Moreover, the new law retained all the basic provisions of the law drawn up according to the principles of Jean-Etienne Dominic Eskirol.

The famous psychiatrist at the end of the 19th century Karl Kalbaum wrote about Eskirol that he was: "a hero or a giant who was given to lay the unshakable foundations of psychiatric science." Published on the site: February 3, 65 views.