Singer Khrunicheva Biography

The State Cosmic Scientific and Production Center named after M. Khrunichev State Space Scientific and Production Center named after M. Khrunichev History, as you know, sooner or later arranges everyone in its places, all the more history, which contains the amazing, unique plexus of the iconic names of the past and the centuries of the present, names of people, which one or another had a concern for the subject of this narrative.

Here is the last Russian emperor, the first president of the Russian Federation, world -man aviation pioneers Igor Sikorsky and Hugo Junkers, Andrei Tupolev and Vladimir Petlyakov, Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Sergey Korolev and Valentin Glushko, Mikhail Khrunichev and Dmitry Ustinov, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev, Vladimir Myasishchev and Vladimir Vytroy, Peter.

Dementyev and Sergey Afanasyev, Mikhail Ryzhikh and Dmitry Polukhin, Anatoly Kiselev ... We add hundreds of thousands of workers and engineers here, those who were in decades walking through the passage enterprises in question, and whose fate reflected the patterns and paradoxes of Russian history ... It was here that the first Soviet car developed, dozens of samples of outstanding cars were built.

aircraft created about 60 different modules of orbital manned stations, including the so -called bench specimens for ground tests. Moreover, almost all flight samples of stations were sent to the desired address - to near -Earth orbit. Not a single company on the globe, nor in the United States of America, nor in Europe, has similar experience! .. Folk wisdom says: “Each era has their own dreams, but there are very few people who express them ...” It turned out that the Khrunichev space center employees not only determined these very dreams, but also realized them.

Transport engineering, chemical production, construction began to occupy a dominant position in the plans of the country's industrialization. It was in the wave of “railway boom” that the Russian-Baltic Carbon plant joint-stock company RBVZ arose, which placed a wagon and iron-steel plants in Riga, and later opened an automobile and air-combining department in St. Petersburg. The board of the company, headed by Mikhail Shidlovsky, sought to expand the subjects of transport equipment manufactured by enterprises of the RBVZ.

Even shipbuilding was considered as a probable place of capital application. Shidlovsky’s favorite brainchild was an aviation department, the chief designer of which was Igor Sikorsky, the future great Russian American, who created fantastic in all respects four -engine air ships “Ilya Muromets” and many dozens of outstanding aircraft. The First World War, and therefore military orders, adjusted the development plans of Russian industry.

In addition to small arms and artillery of the army, cars, all -terrain vehicles, armored vehicles and, of course, airplanes were needed. The aircraft industry took only the first steps and at first almost completely depended on foreign capital: the aircraft engineers, magneto, spark plugs, cables, air spells, bearings, even glue ... there were not enough experimental engineering and qualified workers.

Nevertheless, the Russian industry in the year passed the military department for nearby two thousand combat aircraft. The Russian army was armed with 16 types of aircraft, and only two of them were a Russian structure, and out of nine engines - only one. These circumstances prompted the government to expand the aircraft industry. By October, Russia had already had 24 existing plants, seven were in the final stage of construction.

The evacuation of RBVZ from Riga required the placement of the main production - military equipment - at other sites. In years, new car factories were built in different parts of Russia. The Board of the Society was acquired by the Pokrovskoye estate - Fili, who was “... in the Moscow district for the Dorogomilovskaya outpost on the river. The plant was erected truly with the Russian scope: its size was even amazed at the Americans invited to consult.

Huge buildings, own power plants, American and domestic machines of the last brands, equipment evacuated from Riga, a residential town for workers and employees - the birth of the plant in Filles was remembered. At first, Rousseau-Balt was considered a “clean” automobile plant, but in the year it was already looked at it as a multidisciplinary production. By the end of the year, the new plant was almost completely built.

The nascent Red Army was in dire need of auto and armored vehicles. Kalinin was the first Soviet car, but not only handed over, but also rolled Kalinin and Voroshilov in Red Square. Scientists and engineers of TsAGI, and primarily Tupolev, convinced the government of extreme necessity to deploy the production of domestic duralumin. The proposal was accepted and at the Factory of non -ferrous metals in the village of Kolchugino, the Vladimir province organized such a production.By the middle of the year, the first ingots of chain-aluminum chain mail, that was the name of the “winged metal”, were obtained.

The country's leadership took the first steps on the development of domestic aircraft industry. At the end of the year, a hundred by a decision signed by V. Lenin announced the urgent mobilization of workers and employees who previously worked in the aircraft industry. These changes fully reflected at the Filevsky armor plant. Only five “Russian Fords” were released there, as the order followed: all the work is terminated, since the company is transferred to the concession of a foreign company.

The concession was provided by the German company “Junkers Flytsoygverk” from the city of Dersau, headed by Professor Hugo Junkers. In the fate of the plant in Fili, the first steep turn occurred. The Soviet side wanted to access German aviation technologies and replenish the Red Air Fleet aircraft. Germany, bypassing the Versailles Agreement, sought to establish serial production of its military aircraft in Soviet territory.

The secret agreement was concluded on March 15, the types of German aircraft were not mentioned in open text, the city of Dersau, where the Junkers was based, designated the special commission of the RVS decided to give the Junkers an order for the supply of aircraft. To coordinate the work at the end of the year “under the roof” of the German embassy, ​​the Moscow Center was organized under the leadership of Colonel Otto von Netermayer.

For the use of Junkers, they provided Rousseau-Balt and the land plots and all the finished and under construction structures located on it, and all technical and production infrastructure. In addition, the “Russian-Baltic” aviation factory in Petrograd or any other plant of the same type on the Volga was leased to rent for the production of seaplanes. To coordinate current issues between the Reichswehr and the company and to develop a single course in relations with the Soviet side in Germany, a control council was created by Professor Hugo Junkers.

Aviation production in films was planned at that time very large -scale. The German company pledged to build a modern enterprise with performance to aircraft per year. In the first year of the contract, the Germans had to build 75 fully equipped aircraft and aircraft engine. By October 1, concessionaires planned to establish serial production of aircraft, and by January 30 - motors.

By the year, the Junkers pledged to establish aircraft production production in the Soviet Union and give at least engines a year. The contract was concluded for a period of 30 years. The labor rights and obligations of the parties were fixed in a special collective agreement. However, already in the first year of concession, the company's directorate fired part of the Soviet workers.

This led to the first industrial and labor conflict with the Tsarcom of the Trade Union. Of course, the Junkers was primarily interested in receiving commercial profit in the shortest possible time. But the deployment of aviation production in the USSR required great technical and material efforts, and did not correspond to the strategic interests of German large capital, who sought to put the Soviet Union, dependent on German technologies, the situation.

Already at the beginning of the year, the German military minister, in a secret message, the head of the Moscow Center openly admitted that only for political reasons you need to hold on to the enterprise in Fili, “that technical considerations do not play for us more than the role that the Germans played in the year, that they would be more interesting for them to supply ready -made aircraft to the Soviet Union.

In early February, the chairman of the RVS, the Narkomvoenmore Mikhail Frunze was reported to the contents of the intercepted German intelligence message, from which the Germans did not suit the new Soviet-French contacts in the aviation-industrial sphere. They believed that the councils were ready to sacrifice the Junkers in the case of receiving loans from the French and licenses for the production of aircraft and aircraft engine.

In a word, the mutual claims of the parties were so aggravated that on November 12 of the year the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All -Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks proposed, read “ordered”, the head of the Khokontzskiyed USSR to change the contract to ensure its more favorable termination. For four years, the plant built only all -metal aircraft of the south of the week, as Voroshilov reported at a meeting of the Politburo: “A factory in Fili, which has been standing for almost two years and representing a large industrial unit in its equipment, has been preserved very badly: snow is in the workshops, and the machines are rusty.

The planes every month lose their value, they are transported from place to place, understand and gather, because of this they cease to be new aircraft and acquire more and more the physiognomy of warehouse property. ” The Germans bargained for a long time due to the size of the penalty. They paid them a little more than two million rubles with gold and on March 1 of the year the concession was liquidated.

At the very least, but Russian technologists and workers have learned something from the Germans.In addition, the need to establish in the country of its own all -metal aircraft construction from the stage of the “freedom” ones as engineer Tupolev grew into the stage of decision -making by directive bodies. It is no coincidence that in July of the twenty-sixth year, forty technologists and designers of the plant, of course, secretly from concessionaires, began to study the drawings from the design team of Tupolev and the preparation of documentation for the serial production of the world's first all-metal bomber ANT-4 or TB of its experienced instance made the first flight over the Khodynsky field in Moscow under the Khodynsky field in Moscow under Moscow The Apollinaria Tomashevsky Directorate.

The new chapter in the history of Russo-Balta began. And although the material part of the Air Force of the Red Army has already begun to gradually be updated at the expense of Soviet-made machines, the basis of the aircraft park was still foreign devices. They demanded various types of repair, scarce spare parts, many flight training techniques. Aircraft construction remained a weakly developed industry.

There was no talk of large -scale production. Nevertheless, in the year, the Council of People's Commissars decided to abandon the import of aircraft and set the task of developing and building new equipment on its own. This enterprise was founded before the revolution by the Italian aviator, designer Francesco Mosk. A small plant was located in Moscow near the Petrovsky Park in the area of ​​the current Krasnoarmeyskaya street.

It became clear: to implement large -scale production of new metal aircraft, a different industrial site is needed. The Filevsky Junkers liquidated by that time was most suitable, the more there were already preparing the documentation for serial production of TB, he was already familiar with Tupolev and gained experience in establishing the serial production of his scout R. The first thing that Malakhov took up was a pretty neglected plant in order: just say that the assembly workshop had no ...

roof. By the end of the year, a person worked in Fili. The workers lived in unbearable conditions, the first winter was a harsh test for them: workers huddled in nearby villages, getting to work, even in severe frosts, could only on foot, either in passing carts or sleighs, or get from the Belarusian station to the Fili platform, and from there - a few kilometers on foot. On the pages of the Russian Guide, Moscow in the plans, published in the year, there is not a single tram and bus route, at least approaching the films.

Here is an excerpt from the memoirs of E. Emelyanov: “I entered a locksmith at the factory in the year after demobilization from the Red Army. They designed me in the assembly workshop, where there were only thirty people. Cold December has come, but there is no normal heating in the workshop, a dog’s cold. All on our enthusiasm, on a firm faith, that difficulties are temporary. We took an example from our head of the workshop Y.

Kosarunin, master I. Sokolov ... They demanded and helped what they could ... Our assembly workshop over the years of the first five -year period grew unrecognizable. The plant had technically very competent personnel: masters, technologists, designers, workers of various professions. The most trained workers were boldly nominated for the positions of leaders.

By the spring of the year, it was possible to build 79 aircraft. Finally, in the second half of the year, a series of unique TB-1 bomber, unique for global aviation of the last year of the last century, began, even before the end of state tests.