James Greenwood Biography

Not even a year of his birth has been established - in different sources, the interval between and years is indicated. The Oxford Biographical Dictionary reports that on November 15, a baptism of baptism was performed over James William, the second child of James Car Greenwood and his wife Mary Ann, the nee Fish, the residents of Lambet, and the county of Surrey is now one of the regions of London.

The father of the future writer was engaged in the finish of horse -drawn crews - his profession in Victorian England was called “Coach Trimmer”. There were eleven children in the Greenwood family. It is known that the eldest, Frederick Grinwood - received a home education and became a student of a typewriter in one of the publishing firms with his younger brothers, James and Walter.

Unfortunately, a few years later Walter fell ill with a tuberculosis and died right at the set -off box office. Frederick and James continued to work in the company mentioned that James also worked as an engraper. They had at least three sons and five daughters. Frederick and James tried themselves in journalism, printed in newspapers. Together they wrote the novel “Under a Cloud” “Under the Cloud”.

Since September 11, the novel was published in the releases of the weekly entertainment magazine “The Welcome Guest” “The desired guest”, and in the year was released in a separate edition in three volumes. A significant place in Greenwood's work is occupied by novels from marine life, novels for youth about the adventures of English sailors in the southern countries, most often in Africa, with a description of nature, life and morals of Aborigines, and works about animals.

The Wild Sports of the World is devoted to large animals - tigers, elephants, leopards and hippos, their habits and methods of hunting. The publication contains many illustrations and folding cards with animal habitats. In the years, the publisher Samuel Baton released two parts of Greenwood Book “Curiosites of Savage Life” “Inflays of Wild Life” beautifully designed and watercolor drawings.

The engravings on a tree depicting the Australian Aborigines and their weapons were made by the artist H. Melville, who took part in the expedition to the banks of Australia in years. Melville and Colored Illustrations by F. Keyl also came out with the illustrations of Melville “The Adventures of Seven Four-Footed Foresters, Narrated by Themselves“ The Adventures of the Seven Four-legged Bengers told The pages of the book are tiger, bear, wolf, lion, elephant, hippo and monkey tell the minister of the London zoo about their past life in the wild.

In the same year, “The Adventures of Reuben Davidger; SEVENTEEN YEARS AND FOR MONTHS CAPTIVE among the Dyaks of Borneo ”in the Russian translation“ The Adventures of Ryuben Daviger, the former seventeen years and four months in captivity by the savages ”, echoing with“ Robinson Crusoe ”, D. Stories and Tale Greenwoods often published in Entertainment and educational magazines for boys of the Boys Own series.

In total, Greenwood owns more than three dozen works for children and youth. Illustrations to many of them belong to the English artist of French descent Ernest Grise, known as “English Dore”, in the drawings of which funny animals have a truly human expression. But the most important topic in the work of Greenwood was the denunciation of social vices. In the year in London, Pall Mall Gazette was founded.

The first editor of the new edition was Frederick Greenwood, who proposed cooperation to his younger brother. By that time, James had already had a reputation as a journalist who covers social problems in his works. Accompanied by a friend named Bittlestone, the Exchange Mcler, he, dressed in battered clothes, spent the night in the London's work house, under the same roof with vagabonds looking for an overnight stay.

Soon, Pall Mall Gazette published in three issues on January 12, 13 and 15 of the year his essay “Night in A Workhouse” “Night in the Work House”, signed by the pseudonym Amateur Casual. The article recreated the painful atmosphere of the work house, its squalor and poverty. The impressions of a journalist, who was shocked by the experience of bathing in a bath with dirty water and sleep on the same bed with poor, caused a sensation.

One of the reviewers wrote: “The picture drawn by Greenwood is all the more terrible that he himself spent only one night under these conditions, and thousands of our compatriots are forced to spend his whole life in this way ...” The circulation of “Pall Mall Gazette” increased significantly, and the essay was reprinted by The Times and published in the same year as a brochure.

Researchers believe that Greenwood became the first journalist who applied reincarnation for a journalistic investigation. He became “one of the crowd” and thus became an example for successors, such as Jack London, Mary Higgs and George Orwell. In them, the readers again unfolded a picture of the plight of the inhabitants of the London slums: professional poverty, vagrancy, drunkenness and criminal offenses.In the essay, “Handicraft Children”, Greenwood wrote that “within the vast and prosperous London roam daily, both in summer and in winter, up to one hundred thousand boys and girls - unattended, without food, without clothes and classes.” Again and again, he tried to turn the gaze of his contemporaries to the disadvantaged children: “If today, in the morning, the death of all of these dirty rags, choosing a food between piles of rot in the market, would have been longed for all of these dirt, then tomorrow the market would be as much banned by them as always.” In the preface to ODD PEOPLE IN ODD Places; Or, The Great Residuum "" strange people in strange places ", it is said that the book is a description of" houses, shelters and habits of some representatives of the lower class ...

".

In the year, the book of James Greenwood was published “The True History of a Little Ragamuffin” “The Truthful Story of a Little Resort”, and later in the Russian translation “Little Raundry”. Little Jimmy Balizet, after the death of his mother, who was in the power of a cruel stepmother and a drunkard-father, runs away from the house, wanders, sleeps in catacombs or in the open air.

He asks for alms, eats backs, sometimes getting his own food by theft from market trays. Jimmy gets into a work house, where fate encounters him with the inhabitants of the city bottom - both with bad and good people, and then with a gang of criminals. Honest by nature, the boy has to master the craft of a thief. Only thanks to a happy occasion, Jimmy manages to give out a gang of the police and avoid participating in the robbery.

After spending some time in a correctional colony, Jimmy Balizeta leaves for Australia. His further life is going happily, only memories do not give him rest: “If I could now find all the people whom I robbed then, I would willingly reward them, but since this is impossible, I decided in return, as far as possible, to help all the little breaks, which will meet me in life.” Like all and all other works of Greenwood, in her homeland it has long been forgotten.

In Russia, the novel appeared on the pages of “domestic notes” already in the year translated by Marco Vovchok Pseudonym, the famous writer Maria Aleksandrovna Markovich and a year later came out in a separate publication. In the years, alterations began to appear - A. Annenskaya, V. Lukyanskaya, M. much later, in the year, the retelling of T. Bogdanovich and K.

At the same time, the novel was significantly abbreviated, and his finale was greatly changed - Jimmy remains in England and becomes a factory worker. In years, Chukovsky re -processed “little rabbits” and became the only author of retelling. In total, the novel was published in Russian more than forty times. He began to be published in Daily Telegraph, continuing to affect social problems in his articles.

A number of his publications on difficult working conditions on British railways played an important role in the appearance of the first trade union of railway workers, and he himself became the editor of Railway Service Gazette, first published in February. Greenwood was actively engaged in philanthropy and founded two charitable foundations - in the year, thanks to him, the children of the poor got the opportunity to spend the summer holidays in rural areas.

At his request, The Telegraph turned to readers to collect donations. As a result, 80 thousand pounds were collected for Christmas gifts to children with disabilities. The last works of Greenwood, The Prisoner in the Dock and Among the Cranks are devoted to his work as an observer in London police ships and communicating with patients of psychiatric hospitals. Contemporaries described Greenwood as a man with black curly hair, "a low, square, good -natured man dressed in a long black frock coat and a black tie - the cut of a missionary from slums." Friends and colleagues-journalists, with many of whom he was on friendly relations, called him Jimmy or Bill.

They said that he was familiar with Dickens. Unfortunately, Greenwood failed to maintain close relations with his older brother - Frederick never forgave him to leave Pall Mall Gazette. The niece spoke of Frederica as a very principled person; While James, in all likelihood, was more flexible, and "the principles were not one of its strengths." James Greenwood lived a long life and died at the age of 96 as indicated in the death certificate on August 11 according to other sources, in the year on Hi-Street, in Kattford, London, where he lived with one of his daughters.

His last years have passed in poverty and oblivion. For the Russian reader, Grinwood remained the author of a single book-the novel “Little Vrechush”, who read many generations of children. Greenwood, J. Beeton, Keyl, etc. Hullula, H. Melville, and E. Melville, etc. Beckett, Griset, etc. The Adventures of R. A Concise Handbook of the Laws Relating to Medical Men: Together with A Preface and Chapter on the Law Relating to Lunacy Practice, By L.

Brett, Fleet Street, London, [C. Greenwood, D. Stories about the seven forested four -legged: per.Puppet-Polish, Akhmatova, The English Catalogue of Books. Kraevsky, Suschinsky, Nakhimova, Greenwood; per. Mark-Vovka [pseudo. Klyukin, Stasyulevich, Sleptsov, []. Little rag: a story for youth: [per. Annenskaya; under. Chukovsky; [rice.