Biography Karl Leongard

Petryuk, V. Kuznetsov, A. Petryuk, A. Kalenuk, P. Brilliant ideas come to those who deserved them with hard work. Vernadsky Karl Leongard - Karl Leonhard Karl Leonhard - - an outstanding German psychiatrist, psychopathologist, neurologist, psychologist who adhered to the scientific positions of Karl Vernik and Karl Kleist, creator of the psychiatric school K. Kleist - K. Leongard, who did a lot to study schizophrenia, affective psychoses, personality disorders and other violations, personality disorders and other violations, personality and other violations, personality As well as the problems of general psychopathology, biological psychology and human behavior, the works of which had a noticeable effect on the development of psychiatry not only in Germany, but also far beyond its borders.

He worked closely with the famous psychiatrists of the Soviet Union, knew the special Russian psychiatric literature well, published his scientific works in Russian [1-5]. A specialist in many areas bordering psychiatry, including in the field of psychology of accentuated personalities. Developed a typology of accentuated personalities. The author of the well -known work “accentuated personalities”, in which, based on the material of the analysis of fiction, gave exhaustive illustrations to accentuated types of personality.

This concept is not only firmly rooted in the vocabulary of specialists, but to some extent became the property of that part of the reading audience, which is commonly called “thinking” and “interested”. The mentioned monograph, as you know, consists of two parts. In the first part of K. Leongard, a psychological and clinical analysis of accented personalities, that is, people with a kind of pointing personality traits and special response.

The second part is, as it were, an illustration for the first - it conducts a characteristic analysis of the heroes of classical works of world literature over thirty writers: L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky, N. Gogol, W. Shakespeare, M. Cervantes, O. Balzac, I. Goethe, F. Stendhal and many others [2, 6]. Leongard was born on March 21, in a large family of the Evangelist priest, the sixth child of eleven children in Edelfeld, the Kingdom of Bavaria, the German Empire.

Until a year, he studied at the humanitarian gymnasium in Widen Oberppalz. Then, having survived his initial hobbies and the desire to become a lawyer, he began to study medicine. He studied at the universities of Erlangen, Berlin and Munich. Starting medical activities led by K. Bongeffer, K. Leonard decided to finally devote himself to psychiatry. In the year, he began to work in a psychiatric hospital in the Gabertza Verkhnyaya Bavaria, where a year later he became the head physician.

In the year, K. Kleist invited him to work as a senior doctor of the clinic of nervous diseases of the university in Frankfurt, where he received a degree in the year, and with it the right to teach. Leongard became a freelance professor of the university. Then the invitation to the post of professor of psychiatry and neurology of the Medical Academy in Erfurt followed, from where he went to the University in the year.

Humboldt in Berlin began to work in the famous Chalicite clinic, with which he later connected for many years of his life and activity [2-5]. It should be emphasized that during the period of Nazi Germany in order to protect its mentally ill patients from death, which at that time was carried out using the T-4 Defense program, the official name of the Eugenic program of German National Socialists for sterilization, and later the physical destruction of mentally ill, mentally retarded and hereditary patients, K.

Leongard ceased to establish diagnoses that threatened the patient's life. In particular, he stopped making any diagnoses of a disease such as schizophrenia. After the Second World War, K. Leongard, as noted above, moved to the GDR, where he worked fruitfully scientifically until his death. However, later - in the sixties of the last century - he wanted to return to West Germany, but was refused permission from the authorities of East Germany.

As compensation, he received wide support for his scientific activity. During his life, he interviewed more than psychotic patients, recently with Dr. Ziglynda von Trostorff [7]. Being a follower of the school of K. Wernik - K. Kleist, K. Leonard creatively developed the corresponding ideas in relation to many mental illnesses - schizophrenia, affective psychoses, neurosis, personality disorders and others, as well as the problems of general psychopathology and human behavior.

As for the latter, its monographs “Instincts and ancient instincts of human sexuality” and “expressiveness of facial expressions, gestures and voices of a person”, in which his giftedness and the ability to perceive and analyze various forms of human behavior, was especially of great interest. In the field of clinical psychiatry, the works of K. Leonard are especially known regarding the classification and clinic of schizophrenia, as well as affective psychoses.They always attracted attention and are still widely discussed in the works of domestic and foreign psychiatrists [4, 8, 9].

It is well known that in the doctrine of schizophrenia, the direction of K. is the initially psychomorphological direction, it develops to a certain extent the methodological positions of T. Meinert-K. Wernik, in accordance with which K. Kleist justified the point of view on schizophrenia as a group of systemic hereditary-deigenerative diseases. The principles proposed by K.

Kleist, as well as the method of analysis of clinical material, were subsequently adopted and developed by K. Leongard nosologically divided schizophrenia into a group of progredient system forms - “systematic schizophrenia” and a group of periodically and phase psychoses. In the last group, he took “unsystematic schizophrenia” and cycloid psychoses, differing from the progredient forms of the syndromic structure of seizures and the course.

With "unsystematic schizophrenia" affectively saturated paraphism and periodic catatonia are paroxysmal. As for cycloid psychoses, K. Leongard included three forms of psychoses in this group: psychoses of “happiness-insurance”, confusion with excitement or inhibition and hypermostic and anesthetic psychosis. He noted that with all three forms of cycloid psychoses, catatonic, affective-delusional and hallucinatory disorders may occur.

Therefore, in their distinction, the relative predominance of affective violations, confusion or motor disorders is important. The course of cycloid psychosis in most cases is favorable in the form of attacks with deep remissions. In his work, “Pathogenesis of schizophrenia from the point of view of the final states”, K. Leonard justifies the separation of schizophrenia into “systematic”, “non -systematic” and cycloid psychoses with the data of pathopsychology, genetics, biochemistry and neuroanatomy.

Touching on the genetics of schizophrenia, he wrote: “Non -systemic forms of schizophrenia as a whole reveal a greater influence of heredity than systemic ...” and further: “... a hereditary predisposition only in cases gives schizophrenia, in which a certain personality warehouse exists at the same time ...” [8-10]. Thus, K. Leongard made an attempt along with the two main psychoses that have traditionally existed since the time of E.

Creelin-schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis to distinguish a third disease-cycloid psychoses. It should be noted that the classification of K. Leongard during his lifetime was criticized and did not receive support. He timely and reasonably drew attention to the excessive schematics of American systematics. Currently, in connection with the allocation in some national classifications and in the ICD of a schizo -active disorder proposed by K.

Leonard, the allocation of cycloid psychoses looks quite adequately modern views on the problem under consideration [10, 12]. Despite the criticism, which often fell upon his labors, K. Leonard was not deprived of the attention of the world scientific community. He was an honorary member of international and national scientific societies, including the All -Union Scientific Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists.

The ideas about the works of K. Leongard relating to schizophrenia would be incomplete if not mentioning his views on children's schizophrenia.

Recognizing a number of features of children's schizophrenia, the presence of intellectual developmental disorders, the known selectivity of its forms and syndromes, he approved the possibility of diagnosing schizophrenia in childhood. At the same time, he emphasized that in children it is possible to identify some forms and syndromes similar to those in adult patients.

He considered the most typical form of children's schizophrenia a catatonic and described its options such as “parakinetic-catatonic” and “form with meager speech”. On the other hand, he noted the absence of paranoid and hebephrenic forms in childhood and the appearance of periodic catatonia only in older children. He considered children's schizophrenia as a whole a very rare disease, emphasizing that such a diagnosis “with confidence can be made only if syndromes corresponding to a certain form of adult schizophrenia are detected”.

The contribution of K. Leongard to the classification of mood disorders is generally recognized. In the year, he first raised the question of the differentiation of depression, proceeding without manic and hypomanic episodes and bipolar affective disorders. Much later, in different countries and independently, J. Angst, C. Perris and G. Winokur, psychiatrists - contemporaries of K.

Leongard did not pay enough attention to his contribution to the doctrine of neurosis, although he can be considered one of the founders of behavioral therapy.