Biography of mathematicians Archimedes

The latest news biography is an ancient Greek physicist, mathematician and engineer Archimedes made many geometric discoveries, laid the foundations of hydrostatics and mechanics, created inventions that served as a starting point for the further development of science. The legends of Archimedes were created during his lifetime. For several years, the scientist spent in Alexandria, where he met and became friends with many other great scientists of his time.

The biography of Archimedes is known from the works of Titus, Cicero, Polybia, Libya, Vitruvia and other authors who lived later the scientist. It is difficult to assess the degree of reliability of this data. It is known that Archimedes was born in the Greek colony of Syracuse, located on the island of Sicily. His father, presumably, became the astronomer and mathematician Fidiy.

Plutarch also claimed that the scientist was a close relative of the good and skilled ruler of Syracuse Gieron II. Archimedes probably spent the portrait of Archimedes in Syracuses, and at a young age he went to Alexandria Egyptian to receive education. For several centuries, this city has been the cultural and scientific center of the civilized ancient world. The scientist, presumably, received primary education with his father.

Having lived for several years in Alexandria, Archimedes returned to Syracuse and lived there until the end of his life. Engineering scientist actively developed mechanical structures. He outlined a detailed theory of the lever and effectively enjoyed this theory in practice, although the invention itself was known before it. Including, on the basis of knowledge in this area, he made a number of block-red mechanisms in the port of Syracuse.

These devices simplified the rise and movement of heavy cargo, allowing to accelerate and optimize the work of the port. And the Archimedes screw, designed to scoop up water, is still used in Egypt. Archimedes inventions: Archimedes of the screw are of great importance theoretical research of the scientist in the field of mechanics. Based on the proof of the law of the lever, he began to write work "On the balance of flat figures." The proof is based on the axiom that on equal shoulders equal bodies are equal to equal.

The same principle of building a book - starting with the proof of his own law - Archimedes observed when writing the work “On the Swimming of Tel”. This book begins with a description of the well -known Law of Archimedes. Mathematics and physics of opening in the field of mathematics were the real passion of the scientist. According to Plutarch’s statements, Archimedes forgot about food and care when he was on the threshold of the next invention in this area.

The main direction of his mathematical research was the problems of mathematical analysis. Archimedes inventions: Water hours even before Archimedes, formulas were invented for calculating the area of ​​the circle and polygons, the volume of the pyramid, the cone and prisms. But the experience of the scientist allowed him to develop general techniques for calculating volumes and areas.

To this end, he improved the exhaustion method invented by Evdox Knidsky, and brought the ability to use it to a virtuoso level. Archimedes did not become the creator of the theory of integral calculus, but his work later became the basis for this theory. Archimedes inventions: A mechanical bird also mathematician laid the foundations of differential calculus. From a geometric point of view, he studied the possibilities of determining the tangent to the curve line, from a physical point of view - the speed of the body at any moment in time.

The scientist investigated a flat curve known as Archimedean Spiral. He found the first generalized way to search for tangents to hyperbole, parabola and ellipse. Only in the seventeenth century, scientists were able to fully realize and reveal all the ideas of Archimedes, which came to those times in his preserved works. The scientist often refused to describe the inventions in books, which is why not every formula he wrote has survived to this day.

Archimedes inventions: “sunny” mirrors with a worthy discovery, the scientist considered the invention of formulas for calculating the surface area and volume of the ball. If, in the previous cases described, Archimedes finalized and improved other people's theories, or created fast calculation methods as an alternative to existing formulas, then in the case of determining the volume and surface of the ball, it was the first.

Not a single scientist did this task before him. Therefore, the mathematician asked to knock out a ball in his grave stone, inscribed in the cylinder. The Law of Archimedes by the opening of a scientist in the field of physics was a statement that is known as the Law of Archimedes. He determined that on every body, immersed in a liquid, is exerted by the pushing force. It is directed upward, and is equal to the weight of the liquid, which was supplanted when the body is placed in the liquid, regardless of what the density of this fluid is.

The Law of Archimedes is a legend associated with this discovery. Once, Hieron II supposedly turned to the scientist, who doubted that the weight of the crown made for him corresponds to the weight of the gold, which was provided to create it.Archimedes made two ingots of the same weight as the crown: silver and gold. Then he took turns placing these ingots in a vessel with water and noted how much its level increased.

Then the scientist put the crown in the vessel and found that the water did not rise to the level to which it rose when each of the ingots was placed in the vessel. Thus, it was discovered that the master left part of the gold to himself. Archimedes in the bath have a myth that the bath helped to make a key discovery in physics. During the bathing, the scientist allegedly slightly raised his leg in the water, found that she weighs less in water, and experienced insight.

A similar situation had a place to be, but with its help the scientist was not discovered by the law of Archimedes, but by the law of the specific gravity of metals. Astronomy Archimedes became the inventor of the first planetarium. When this device is moved, the sunrise of the moon and the sun is observed; the disappearance of the moon and the sun behind the horizon; Phases and eclipses of the moon.

Archimedes inventions: the planetarium, the scientist also tried to create formulas for calculating distances to heavenly bodies. Modern researchers suggest that Archimedes considered the Earth the center of the world. He believed that Venus, Mars and Mercury rotate around the Sun, and this whole system rotates around the Earth. Personal life about the personal life of the scientist is known much less than about his science.

His contemporaries also composed numerous legends about gifted mathematics, physics and engineer. The legend says that one day Gieron II decided to present as a gift to Ptolemy, the king of Egypt, a multi -deck ship. It was decided to call the Water ship a “siracuse”, but it could not be launched into the water. Archimedes was ready to turn the earth in this situation in this situation again turned to Archimedes.

Of the several blocks, he built a system with which the descent of a heavy ship was made using one movement of the hand. If you believe the legends, during this movement, Archimedes said: "Give me a point of support, and I will turn the world over." Death in the year BC During the Second Punic War, the Syracuse were besieged by the Romans. Archimedes actively used engineering knowledge to help his people win.

So, he designed the throwing machines with which the Siracuse warriors threw enemies with heavy stones. When the Romans rushed to the walls of the city, hoping that there they would not fall under fire, another invention of Archimedes - the light throwing devices of a close action - helped the Greeks throw them with nuclei. The inventions of Archimedes: the catapult the scientist helped his compatriots and in sea battles.

The cranes developed by him captured enemy vessels with iron hooks, slightly lifted them, and then sharply threw them back. Because of this, the ships turned over and suffered a collapse.

For a long time, these cranes were considered a kind of legend, but in the year a group of researchers proved the performance of such devices, reconstructing them according to preserved descriptions. Archimedes inventions: The lifting machine, thanks to the efforts of Archimedes, Nadezhda Romans to storm the city. Then they decided to go to the siege. In the fall of the year BC, the colony was taken by the Romans as a result of treason.

Archimedes was killed during this incident. According to one version, he was cut by a Roman warrior, on whom the scientist attacked that he had come on his drawing. The inventor Archimedes other researchers claim that his laboratory became the place of death of Archimede. The scientist allegedly was so carried away by research so much that he refused to immediately follow the Roman soldier who was ordered to lead Archimedes to the military leader.

He in anger pierced the old man with his sword. Archimedes's monument is still variations of this story, but they agree that the ancient Roman politician and military leader Marcellus was extremely upset by the death of the scientist and, united with both Citizens of the Siracuse and with his own submitted, arranged a lush funeral. Cicero, who discovered the scientist’s destroyed grave after his death, saw a ball on it, inscribed in the cylinder.