Acmeological biography
Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. Romanova O. The influence of the ideal on the development of self -understanding in adolescence: Dis. Skvortsov L. Culture of self -awareness: a person in search of the truth of his being. Feldstein D. Chesnokova I. The problem of self -awareness in psychology. Moscow considers the issue of periodization of the age development of man.
Despite the fact that this issue has a long history, it retains its relevance in modern conditions. Based on the acmeological approach to the study of this problem, a matrix of periodization of the age development of a person is built. In psychology, the age of a person is a category that means a qualitatively specific stage in the development of an individual.
Each age in human life has standards with which one can evaluate the adequacy of the development of the individual and which relate to psychophysical, intellectual, emotional and personal development. The transition to the next stage occurs in the form of crises of age development. Age is a very specific concept, but at the same time relative. The meaning that a person puts in him depends on what he considers the main thing in life.
The question of the possibility of periodizing a person’s life - the allocation of periods of life in which development obeys special laws, has a long history. The philosophers of antiquity talked about the ten most important seven -year -old age cycles, starting from birth, each of which gives the conditions for the development of one of the seven plans of human existence.
And the Romans knew 5 phases of life, each of which corresponded to the years of life. The introduction in the years of the XX century S. Further research of the life path, in particular, the approach of B. Ananyev, whose work gave impetus to the development of acmeology, made it possible to make a periodicization of the personality path, considering it through the prism of the category of age.
At the same time, the phases of the life path are dated to historical events, the change in ways of education, changes in the lifestyle and the system of relations, the sum of values and the life program - the goals and meaning of life that this person owns. The phases of the life path are applied to the age stages of ontogenesis, and to such an extent that at present some age stages are indicated precisely as the phases of the life path, for example, pre -school, preschool and school childhood.
Almost the steps of social education, education and training, which make up the totality of the preparatory phases of the life path, the formation of personality, became the determining characteristics of the periods of growth and ripening of the individual ”[1]. The ambiguity of the concept of “age” makes it possible to distinguish individual stages of the life path on the basis of not only ontogenetically determined, but also social factors.
As a result, B. Ananyev, as special periods of the personality path, was identified by childhood, youth, the choice of profession, maturity, career peak and old age [1]. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that there are certain socially-conditioned guidelines that guide the activity of the individual in building their own life path. These landmarks, in particular, can be set by “age hours” - an internal temporary life schedule used as a development criterion and setting the structure of “normative events” expected at a certain age and experienced by people of the same age cohort.
And the most common milestones in the structure of the normative events of the life path are subjectively reflected the boundaries of age stages, determining belonging to a particular age group. Each age or period is characterized by its indicators: the development of personality in its content is determined by the fact that society expects from a person, what values and ideals it offers him, what tasks sets for him at different age stages.
But the sequence of human development stages depends on the biological principle. At each stage, a person acquires a certain quality personal neoplasm, which is fixed in the structure of the personality and persisted in subsequent periods of life. And at each stage of his development, a person reaches his peak - the heyday of his individuality. Since the individual development of a person, like any other organism, is ontogenesis, with a phylogenetic program embedded in it, its periodization is based on the allocation of a number of universal age -related processes, ripening, development, aging, during which the corresponding age properties of differences are formed.
Both are generalized in the concept of age stages of phases, stages, periods or stages of development of childhood, transitional age, maturity, old age, etc. and proposed his periodization: double ages. He believes that age is not only a certain period of human life, but also a certain phase in the formation of each period. The childhood period has its own childhood, its adolescence, youth, maturity and its own old age.Each age has its own age.
Old age of each age period is replaced by childhood of the following period. Thus, human life is moving from childhood childhood to old age. At the same time, it passes through five children, five adolescents, etc. Separately, adolescents separately, young people separately, the old people are separate, but if they proceed from the theory of vertical communities, then, in accordance with the postulate of Anaxagoras, “everything is in everything”.
Among the youth there are children, youth and the old people among the elderly have children, youths, young and old ones are the same logic of metaphorical thinking: “everything in everything”, young in the old and old in young, childish and mature in the children's ”[2]. We allowed ourselves to arrange this in the form of a matrix of periodization of the age development of a person. Таблица 1 Матрица периодизации возрастного развития человека детство отрочество молодость зрелость старость детство а 1, 1 а 1, 2 а 1, 3 а 1, 4 а 1, 5 отрочество а 2, 1 а 2, 2 а 2, 3 а 2, 4 а 2, 5 молодость а 3, 1 а 3, 2 а 3, 3 а 3, 4 а 3, 5 зрелость а 4, 1 а 4, 2 а 4, 3 а 4, 4 а 4, 5 old age A 5, 1 A 5, 2 A 5, 3 A 5, 4 A 5, 5 elements of the matrix of periodization of the age development of a person take the following values: childhood - A 1, 1 from 0 birth to 1 year, this is childhood childhood; - and 2, 1 from 2 to 3 years, this is the adolescence of childhood; - and 3, 1 from 4 to 5 years, this is the youth of childhood; - and 4, 1 from 6 to 8 years, this is the maturity of childhood; - And 5, 1 from 9 to 10 years, this is old age.
Youth -a 1, 3 from 17 to 18 years old, this is a childhood of youth; -a 2, 3 from 19 to 20 years, this is the adolescence of youth; -a 3, 3 from 21 to 24 years old, this is the youth of youth; -a 4, 3 from 25 to 27 years old, this is the maturity of youth; -a 5, 3 from 28 to 28 years old, this is old age of youth; Maturity -a 1, 4 from 29 to34 years old, this is a childhood of maturity; -a 2, 4 from 35 to 40 years, this is the adolescence of maturity; -a 3, 4 from 41 to 44 years old, this is the youth of maturity; -a 4, 4 from 45 to55 years, this is the maturity of maturity; -a 5, 4 from 55 to 60 years, this is old age; Old age -a 1, 5 from 60 to 64 years old, this is an old age childhood; -a 2, 5 from 65 to 70 years, this is the adolescence of old age; -a 3, 5 from 71 to 75 years, this is the youth of old age; -a 4, 5 from 76 to 80 years, this is the maturity of old age; -a 5, 5 after 80 years, this is old age.
It can be seen that the children's phase is repeated in periods of childhood, adolescence, youth, maturity and old age. In the same way, other phases are repeated at all ages: adolescence, youth, maturity, old age. Each time, entering the next age, a person consistently experiences inside him and childish uncertainty and surprise to the world, and adolescence, transition, anxiety inside each age is his spur periods, accompanied by a sharp breed of attitude, crisis of confidence and confidence, alienation from others, an increase in negativity, a sense of “meaning” loss of life, which often leads to often and often The face of suicide is the loss of life itself.
The first is already in childhood. Age psychology notes the transition from early childhood to preschool age as a “crisis of three years”, which in our periodization coincides with the “adolescence of childhood”, which is characterized by a tendency to independence and an exacerbular, “os-lush” attitude towards adults. Of particular interest is the adolescence of maturity, a period from about 35 to 40 years, which often accounts for the so -called "middle -aged crisis".
In this mature age, cases of suicide, divorces, existential and family dramas are increased, there is a feeling of exhausted, meaningless life and new alienation from the world. But if in maturity there is a place for adolescence, that is, periods of maturity, harmonic heyday, acme at each age. There are periods of old age when we say goodbye to childhood, with adolescence 16, with youth, with maturity, and then prepare for farewell to life itself.
Each of these “vertical” ages has its own attitude, which is related contrary to the difference in horizontal age. The young man aged thirty defeats the feeling of the “end of youth”, the wear of his age, the need to cross the line and learn the habits and “ethos” of the next age. The same child is experienced in 10 years old, who grows from his childhood, or a teenager at 16 years old.
He grows out of his adolescence, from the period of carelessness, and feels the approach of adulthood, when you need to take care of yourself, be responsible for your actions. So is the person X who feels the approach of old age. In every age, its own correspondence to itself: childhood childhood, adolescence of adolescence, youth of youth, maturity of maturity, old age.
It seems that these are elements where the horizontal value of age coincides with the vertical, some axial age states of life are distinguished, where it, as it were, revolves around its own axis.Two of these “double ages” - the childhood of childhood and old age - adjust to the beginning and end of life, set up the time of birth and death. The three other ages are the central axes around which life is as if life revolves [2].
List of literature: 1. Epstein M. to the philosophy of age.