Gumi biography

Gumilyov Nikolai his poetry is unusual for Russian literature: it is full of exotic countries, courageous heroes and an active view of the world. The poet’s life is no less exciting than his work - he hunted wild animals in the African savannah, fought heroically at the front, loved the most famous women of his time. His father, Stepan Yakovlevich Gumilyov, came from a family of priests, but after the end of the theological seminary he abandoned the family tradition and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University.

Upon completion of the training of a young doctor, the younger doctor in the 4th naval crew was determined. As a ship doctor, he visited distant countries, had seen outlandish animals, observed bizarre morals of natives. From an early age, Nikolai, holding his breath, listened to his father’s stories - through them, a craving for overseas wanderings arose in him. The poet’s mother, daughter of the naval officer Anna Ivanovna Lvova, instilled her son a love of reading and Orthodoxy, taught her internal endurance.

In early childhood, Nikolai did not differ in good health, and in the resignation of his father, the family moved to a more comfortable royal village. With him, as well as with the estate in the village of Popovka, on the Nikolaev railway, the first memories of the poet are connected. Gumilyov grew up an impressive and dreamy boy, who often went into himself or, conversely, for distant lands.

Even then, the poetry of his nature was manifested: Nikolai was read out by Thomas Min Read and James Fenimor Cooper, Jules Verne and Gustavam, dreamed of great exploits and dizzying adventures. The education of Nikolai Gumilyov in the fall of the year Gumilyov passed the exams at the Tsarskoye Selo gymnasium, but studied there for only a few months - he lifted his health.

Since the fall of the year, when the family moved to St. Petersburg, Nikolai became a student of the private gymnasium Y. Gurevich, located on Ligovka. The young dreamer did not fall on the college, and as a result, two in foreign languages ​​and arithmetic forced the pedagogical council to leave Gumilyov in the second year. Even after many years, the memory of the gymnasium caused the poet a sarcastic grin.

In the summer of the year, the family moved to Tiflis for the treatment of tuberculosis in the summer of the year. Here Nikolai still studied without much brilliance, but was carried away by astronomy and drawing, changed the reading circle. The place of adventure novels was taken by N. Nekrasov’s poems and philosophical thoughts V. The bright nature of the Caucasus woke the poetic gift of the teenager, and here he began to write “real” verses.

In the summer of the year, the Gumilyovs returned to Tsarskoye Selo. Nikolai was identified in the seventh grade of the Tsarskoye Selo male gymnasium, the director of which was I. Gumilyov highly honored the famous poet, and the subsequent personal acquaintance played an important role in the fate of the young man. When it came to the expulsion of a non -pound student, the director stood up for him: “Yes, all this is so, but he writes poetry!

In the summer of the year, the gymnasium was left behind, and the young man went for education in the Sorbonne, convincing his parents that he would be better there. By this time, he had already debuted with his own collection of poems, and saw himself exclusively a poet. In Paris, Gumilyov attended lectures of the Faculty of Philology, at least disappearing in cafesantans and theaters.

He tried to publish his own Sirius magazine, make an acquaintance with D. Merezhkovsky, but both of the events ended in failure. In April, Gumilyov left Paris, and next summer he submitted documents to the Historical and Philology Department of St. Petersburg University. Little is known about the capital's students of Gumilyov. He rarely went to a lecture, his efficiency was not preserved.

Twice he was expelled for non -payment, then restored. The war, travel and a lot of other circumstances did not allow the young man to finish the university course, and in March he was finally expelled. Gumilyov wrote the beginning of the creative activity of Nikolai Gumilyov at eight, and by the age of 16 there were dozens of works. A leap in the spiritual development that occurred during his life in the Caucasus, transformed the poet’s style, gave him a romantic shape.

In the year, still a gymnasium student, at the expense of his mother, Nikolai published the first collection “The Way of Conquistadors”. The student naive book, nevertheless, attracted the attention of the master of poetry V. Bryusov, who responded with a benevolent review and proposed to the young poet, cooperation in his magazine "Libra". Gumilyov himself later tried to forget his debut, and therefore conducted the bibliography from the second collection “Romantic Flowers”, published in the year.

In it, poems filled with ancient and medieval motives acquired grace and flexibility. Soon Gumilyov became close to V. Ivanov and I. Annensky, began to cooperate with the newspaper Speech. A huge role in the biography of Nikolai Gumilyov played the enthusiasm of the East: in, and gg. Since that time, African impressions were directly and indirectly attended as topics or echoes in his verses.Since October, Nikolai Gumilyov, Gumilyov, took part in the release of the first issue of the Apollo magazine, with which he collaborated up to a year, conducting the section “Letters of Russian Poetry”.

His critical notes in the assessment of the poetic talents of the Writers of the Silver Age were surprisingly true, maintaining their significance to this day. At the end of the year, Gumilyov, unsatisfied with the aesthetics of symbolism, created the “Workshop of Poets”, the main task of which was proclaimed the study of the “Life of the Life”. At the meeting, the participants read their works in turn, after which they were subjected to general discussion.

Based on the "workshop", the course of acmeism has grown. In his manifesto, it was announced that symbolism had fulfilled his task, having completed the 19th century, and now it was time for acmeism to discover the 20th century. Acmeists urged to sing life as such, to see a beautiful flower in the rose, and not an elevated symbol or foggy allegory. Many perceived Gumilyov’s claims extremely negatively: V.

Bryusov interrupted his correspondence, which lasted from the year, A. Blok also repeatedly responded about acmeism. But the new course proved its viability, such beautiful poets as A. Akhmatov, O. Mandelstam, G. Ivanov and others came out of it. Before the very beginning of the First World War, even during the July crisis, Gumilyov firmly decided to go to the front, although he was recognized as worthless to the drill service in the draft commission in the year.

However, wartime dictated its laws: the poet determined the Ulan regiment in the Life Guards. In October of the year, Gumilyov’s combat baptism took place in East Prussia. All autumn the guards olan held in heavy battles, and the first St. George Cross received for the manifested courage. Even among the artillery cannonade and machine -gun bursts, Gumilyov did not forget about his purpose and continued to write.

The collection “Kolchans”, published in December, caused a great resonance in the literary environment. Shortly before this, the poet was awarded the second St. George Cross. In March, he graduated from the school of warrant officers and transferred to the Alexandrian hussar regiment. In the ranks of his “black hussar” with breaks caused by illness and training at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, Gumilyov served until March.

Revolutionary fermentation in the army did not cause the sympathy of the cavalryman, which was tuned to the war to the war. He asked for the Russian expeditionary corps in France, where he hoped to beat the enemy, and not to brotherly with him. Through Finland, Sweden, Norway and England on July 1, Gumilyov arrived in Paris, but, to his annoyance, he found that Bolshevik propaganda leaked here.

In September, Gumilyov took part in the suppression of a soldier's rebellion. He returned to Russia only in May next year, but it was already a completely different country. Despite the undisguised monarchical views, Gumilyov did not take part in the civil war, lived in Petrograd and completely went into poetry. In the work of the poet, who was experiencing heyday, there was no place for the revolutionary struggle and the opposing parties - it was emphasized apolitically.

Instead of distant wanderings and unknown countries, Gumilyov began to think about cosmic being, looked at man and planet as a single phenomenon. With great artistic force, this attitude was expressed in the “poisoned tunic”, “lost the tram”, the collection “Fire Pillar” shortly before the death of the poet began work on a philosophical epic, where in a poetic form he was going to show the evolution of the world from the day of creation to the emergence of civilizations.

The family and personal life of Nikolai Gumilyov on December 24, on Christmas eve, the summer Gumilyov met with summer Anna Gorenko, the future great poetess Anna Akhmatova. Their vivid and painful relationships, lasting 15 years, are worthy of a separate film, a separate book. Attempts by suicide by the poet, spiritual vortex, overwhelming both, quarrels and reconciliation - they accommodated everything.

Nikolai and Anna married in April of the year near Kyiv, and divorced in August. The only son of the poetic couple Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov - became an outstanding ethnologist and historian, the author of the theory of passionarity. The second time, Gumilyov married in August in Anna Nikolaevna Engelhardt, the daughter of a major literary critic. The daughter of this marriage Elena died with her mother in the blockade Leningrad in the year.

Distinguished by amorousness, Gumilyov had several violent novels, among which it is worth mentioning the passion of the poet G.'s sister from actress Olga Vysotskaya, Gumilyov was the son of Orest Vysotsky - - all living descendants of the poet come from him. The death and funeral of Nikolai Gumilyov during the civil war Gumilyov did not show his military spirit.

He collaborated with "World Literature" A. Gorky, lectures on the theory of poetry, led the Petrograd branch of the All -Russian Union of Poets, and not waved a saber in the broad steppes of the Don or the foothills of the Caucasus. Like many, Nikolai Stepanovich was skeptical of Soviet power, but did not fight against it and did not write anti -Soviet works.All the more striking in the literary environment, the news sounded that on the night of August 4, Gumilyov was arrested on an ambush arranged by the Chekists.

The poet became a defendant in the so -called "Tagantsevsky business." Disputes about the efficiency and even the very existence of the White Guard Petrograd combat organization are still not subside, but, be that as it may, Gumilyov turned out to be a random figure in it, which can be traced according to many interrogations of the detainees. Friends were busy for the arrested poet, but on the night of August 26 he was shot.

To this day, it is not known where Gumilyov’s remains are resting: it is called at least five seats in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, some of which are within the city today.